Health and disease

A pathologic reaction is:
1. Reaction of the organism to extraordinary irritants
2. Prolonged inadequate reaction of the organism
3. Short-lasting inadequate reaction of the organism
4. Short-lasting, adequate response
5. Specific response to endogenous noxae
From the point of view of a disease the pathologic process is:
1. Generalized reaction of the organism
2. Local manifestation of the disease
3. Local manifestation of the disease
4. An example of pathologic reactivity
5. A parallel pathologic phenomenon
A pathologic process is:
1. Stable chain of pathologic connections
2. Integral network of pathologic phenomena
3. A complex of pathologic and defensive-adaptive reactions
4. Unity of diverse reactions
5. A complex of reactions non-typical of the organism
A pathologic condition is:
1. A pathologic process that engages the attention
2. Slow developing pathologic process
3. A consequence of a pathologic process
4. A vicious circle in action
5. 2, 3
6. 1,3,4
A disease is disturbed living activity of the organism and its characteristics are:
1. Causal dependency. Determination
2. Disturbed correlations and regulations
3. Lowered adaptability
4. Lowered (to missing) working capacity
5. A new condition – denial of life sustainability
6. All of the above
All of the above
1. Prodromal
2. Manifest
3. Latent
4. Passive
5. Non-reactive
The most important characteristics of the period of full development of a disease is:
1. The presence of non-specific symptoms
2. The development of specific for a certain disease signs
3. Distorted, inadequate reactions of the organism
4. The transition from hyper- to hypergic reactivity
5. Development of specific immunity
The end of a disease could be:
1. Full recovery
2. A pathologic condition
3. Death
4. Remission
5. All of the above
Full recovery means:
1. Returning to health status before the disease started
2. Formation of a new, “modulated” health
3. Post disease reprogramming
4. Activated health motivation
5. Stabilizing of the genetically encoded program of life
Which mechanisms take part in the genesis of every disease:
1. Cortico-visceral and viscero-visceral
2. Allergic, reproductive and dismetabolic
3. Autoimmune and cell-inductive
4. Reflex, hormonal-humoral and the mechanism regarding cells and tissues
5. Hypo-, Hyper-, and disbiotic
Typical for the defensive reactions of the organism is:
1. Do not allow or remove the pathogenic agent
2. Replace lost physiologic reactions
3. Directly increase the anti-stress resistance
4. Activate the non-specific adaptability of the organism
5. Compensate lost specific functions
Etiology is a science about:
1. The mechanisms – generating a disease
2. The reasons and conditions for developing of a disease
3. Types of pathologic processes
4. Genetic predisposition to damaging factors
5. Complications in the course of a disease
A compensation is:
1. A reaction of the organism to extraordinary irritant
2. A defensive barrier against damage
3. A terminal answer towards damaging irritants
4. An adaptive replacement of lost functions and structures
5. An adaptive replacement of certain functions with others
The “vicar” compensation is characteristic of:
1. The skin and mucous membranes
2. The liver and spleen
3. The gastrointestinal tract
4. The sympathetic and parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
5. The kidneys and lungs
Pathogenesis is a science of:
1. The reasons for a disease
2. The complications of a disease
3. Prophylaxis of diseases
4. The dangerous effects of the environment
5. The mechanisms of origin, course and end of a disease
Pathogenesis deals with all listed EXCEPT:
1. Urbanization, application of chemicals and industrialization of society
2. The role of the etiologic factor in pathogenesis
3. Basic mechanisms for disease onset
4. use-effect relationships in disease
5. Relationships between function and structure, local and general, specific and non-specific
The most important process of the pathogenesis is that which:
1. Counteracts the etiological factor
2. Precedes and causes the others
3. Takes part from the beginning to the end of the disease
4. Is a universal process for all diseases
5. 2, 3
6. 1, 2, 4
What are the relationships between the “local” and the “general” in pathogenesis:
1. The “general” always determines the “local”
2. The “”local” is autonomic and independent of the “general”
3. The “general” equals the “local”
4. The “local” and the “general” are tightly connected and always interact
5. The “local” always determines the “general”
For a disease to appear the reasons are:
1. Obligatory factors
2. Accidental noxae
3. Parallel phenomena
4. Consequences
5. Side effects
We could speak about “etiopathogenesis” of a disease if the role of the etiologic factor is:
1. Triggering
2. Variable
3. Constant from the beginning to the end of the disease
4. Variable in the course of the disease
5. Unknown
What determines the reason for a disease:
1. The particular, the specific
2. The non-characteristic
3. The accidental
4. The exogenous
5. The non-specific
The localization of a disease (the “local”) depends on:
1. The “entering door” for the etiologic factor
2. The routes of dissemination in the organism
3. The local reactivity
4. The nature of the tissue/organ
5. 1, 2, 3, 4
Pathogenesis is:
1. A complex of non-connected processes
2. An integral network of risk factors
3. A response reaction towards a harmless factor
4. A complex network of cause-effect relationships
5. A complex network of endogenous and exogenous factors
For a vicious circle to be triggered it is necessary:
1. Formation of a self-amplified closed pathogenetic chain
2. The presence of a branched pathogenetic chain
3. Formation of a hyperbolic dependency
4. The presence of a linear pathogenetic chain
5. The formation of an intermediate pathogenetic chain
The leading pathogenetic factors are:
1. Specific for a disease
2. Primarily independent
3. Consequences and not always with a decisive role
4. In general, common for a lot of diseases
5. 3, 4
6. 1, 2, 4
To the reflex mechanism of a disease DOES NOT belong:
1. The pathologic reflex
2. Necrotic and apoptotic cellular death
3. The pathologic dominant
4. The cortico-visceral mechanism
5. The viscero-visceral mechanism
The risk factors are closest to:
1. Provoking factors
2. The conditions of a disease
3. Human general instincts
4. The reasons for a disease
5. Pathologic reactions
Every damage of cells and tissues is characterized by:
1. Specific activation of the cells
2. Permanent apoptosis
3. Releasing of mediators – signals of the damage
4. The emerging of new, more durable cells
5. Evolutionary re-development of the cells
For the damage of cells and tissues it is NOT typical the presence of:
1. Denaturation of the membrane proteins
2. Releasing of the lysosomal enzymes
3. Accumulating of high-active free radicals
4. Deficit of anti-stress cellular proteins
5. Accelerated development and differentiation of the cells

Health and disease

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